17.200.10 (Heat. Calorimetry) 标准查询与下载

ASTM C1371-15 使用便携式发射计测定接近室温的材料辐射的标准试验方法

5.1 Surface Emittance Testing:  5.1.1 Heat transfer from a surface by radiation transfer is reduced if the surface of a material has a low emittance. Since the controlling factor in the use of insulation is sometimes condensation control or personnel protection, it is important to understand that a low emittance will change the surface temperature of a material. One possible criterion in the selection of these materials is the question of the effect of aging on the surface emittance. If the initial low surface emittance of a material is not maintained during service, then the long-term value of the material is diminished. 5.1.2 This test method provides a means for comparative periodic testing of low emittance surfaces in the field. In this way the effects of aging on the reflective properties can be monitored. 5.1.3 This test method determines the total hemispherical emittance with a precision of better than ±0.02 units.(1) The emittances of the calibration standards shall have been obtained from accurate independent measurements of total hemispherical emittance. This test method shall not be used for specimens that are highly anisotropic or transparent to infrared radiation. This test method also shall not be used for specimens with significant thermal resistance (see 7.3.4). 5.1.4 Once a reliable emittance measurement has been determined, the value is available to be used to calculate radiative heat flow from the subject surface. For example, if the temperature of the surface, T1, and the temperature of the surroundings, T2, are known, then the radiative heat flow, Qrad, is given by: where A is the area of the surface, and either A is assumed to be much smaller than the area of the surroundings or the emittance of the surroundings is assumed to be unity. This radiative heat flow when combined with convective and conductive heat flows provides the total heat flow from the surface (a method for calculating total heat flow is described in Practice C680). 1.1 This test method covers a technique for determination of the emittance of opaque and highly thermally conductive materials using a portable differential thermopile emissometer. The purpose of the test method is to provide a comparative means of quantifying the emittance of materials near room temperature. 1.2 This test method does not supplant Test Method C835, which is an absolute me......

Standard Test Method for Determination of Emittance of Materials Near Room Temperature Using Portable Emissometers

ASTM E1354-15 使用氧消耗量热仪的材料和产品的热和可见烟雾释放速率的标准测试方法

5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving products of the test material. Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, and smoke production. These properties are determined on small size specimens that are representative of those in the intended end use. 5.2 This test method is applicable to various categories of products and is not limited to representing a single fire scenario. Additional guidance for testing is given in X1.2.3 and X1.11. 5.3 This test method is not applicable to end-use products that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces. Note 1: All dimensions are in millimetres. Note 2: * Indicates a critical dimension. 1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides for measuring the response of materials exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external ignitor. 1.2 This test method is used to determine the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion, and visible smoke development of materials and products. 1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream. The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitant measurement of specimen mass loss rate, in combination with the heat release rate. Smoke development is measured by obscuration of light by the combustion product stream. 1.4 Specimens shall be exposed to initial test heat fluxes in the range of 0 to 100 kW/m2. External ignition, when used, shall be by electric spark. The value of the initial test heat flux and the use of external ignition are to be as specified in the relevant material or performance standard (see X1.2). The normal specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether the end-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation. The apparatus also contains provisions for vertical orientation testing; this is used for exploratory or diagnostic studies only. 1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained......

Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

ASTM C1702-14 利用等温量热传导测量水硬性胶凝材料的水化热的标准试验方法

5.1 This method is suitable for determining the total heat of hydration of hydraulic cement at constant temperature at ages up to 7 days to confirm specification compliance. It gives test results equivalent to Test Method C186 up to 7 days of age (Poole (2007) (1)). 5.2 This method compliments Practice C1679 by providing details of calorimeter equipment, calibration, and operation. Practice C1679 emphasizes interpretation significant events in cement hydration by analysis of time dependent patterns of heat flow, but does not provide the level of detail necessary to give precision test results at specific test ages required for specification compliance. 1.1 This test method specifies the apparatus and procedure for determining total heat of hydration of hydraulic cementitious materials at test ages up to 7 days by isothermal conduction calorimetry. 1.2 This test method also outputs data on rate of heat of hydration versus time that is useful for other analytical purposes, as covered in Practice C1679. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Heat of Hydration of Hydraulic Cementitious Materials Using Isothermal Conduction Calorimetry

ASTM E2584-14 使用热电容40;弹头41;热量计测定材料导热性的标准实施规程

5.1 This practice is useful for testing materials in general, including composites and layered types. 5.2 The practice is especially useful for materials which undergo significant reactions or local dimensional changes, or both, during exposure to elevated temperatures and thus are difficult to evaluate using existing standard test methods such as Test Method C1113. 5.3 Performing the test over multiple heating/cooling cycles allows an assessment of the influence of reactions, phase changes, and mass transfer of reactions gases (for example, steam) on the thermal performance.Note 3—This method has been found to be especially applicable to testing fire resistive materials. 1.1 This practice describes a technique for the determination of the apparent thermal conductivity, λa, of materials. It is for solid materials with apparent thermal conductivities in the approximate range 0.028201;lt;8201;λa8201;lt;8201;2 W/(m·K) over the approximate temperature range between 3008201;K and 11008201;K.Note 1—While the practice should also be applicable to determining the thermal conductivity of non-reactive materials, it has been found specifically useful in testing fire resistive materials that are both reactive and undergo significant dimensional changes during a high temperature exposure. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Thermal Conductivity of Materials Using a Thermal Capacitance 40;Slug41; Calorimeter

ASTM E1354-14e1 用氧气消耗热量计测定材料和制品热及可见烟释放率的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving products of the test material. Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, and smoke production. These properties are determined on small size specimens that are representative of those in the intended end use. 5.2 This test method is applicable to various categories of products and is not limited to representing a single fire scenario. Additional guidance for testing is given in X1.2.3 and X1.11. 5.3 This test method is not applicable to end-use products that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces. FIG. 1 Overall View of Apparatus Note 1: All dimensions are in millimetres. Note 2: * Indicates a critical dimension. FIG. 2 Cross-Section View Through the Heater Note 1: All dimensions are in millimetres. Note 2: * Indicates a critical dimension. FIG. 3 Exploded View, Horizontal Orientation FIG. 4 Exploded View, Vertical Orientation FIG. 5 Exhaust System Note 1: All dimensions are in millimetres (not to scale).

Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

ASTM E1782-14 用热分析法测定蒸气压力的标准试验方法

5.1 Vapor pressure is a fundamental thermophysical property of a liquid. Vapor pressure data are useful in process design and control, in establishing environmental regulations for safe handling and transport, for estimation of volatile organic content (VOC), and in deriving hazard assessments. Vapor pressure and boiling temperature data are required for Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). The enthalpy of vaporization may also be estimated from the slope of the vapor pressure curve (see Practice E2071). 1.1 This test method describes a procedure for the determination of the vapor pressure of pure liquids or melts from boiling point measurements made using differential thermal analysis (DTA) or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) instrumentation operated at different applied pressures. 1.2 This test method may be used for the temperature range 273 to 773 K (0 to 500°C) and for pressures between 0.2 kPa to 2 MPa. These ranges may differ depending upon the instrumentation used and the thermal stability of materials tested. Because a range of applied pressures is required by this test method, the analyst is best served by use of instrumentation referred to as high pressure differential thermal instrumentation (HPDSC or HPDTA). 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. (See also IEEE/ASTM SI8201;10.) 1.4 There is no ISO standard equivalent to this test method. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining Vapor Pressure by Thermal Analysis

ASTM E1354-14 采用耗氧热量计的材料与产品的热和可视烟雾释放率的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving products of the test material. Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, and smoke production. These properties are determined on small size specimens that are representative of those in the intended end use. 5.2 This test method is applicable to various categories of products and is not limited to representing a single fire scenario. Additional guidance for testing is given in X1.2.3 and X1.11. 5.3 This test method is not applicable to end-use products that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces. 1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides for measuring the response of materials exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external ignitor. 1.2 This test method is used to determine the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, effective heat of combustion, and visible smoke development of materials and products. 1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream. The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitant measurement of specimen mass loss rate, in combination with the heat release rate. Smoke development is measured by obscuration of light by the combustion product stream. 1.4 Specimens shall be exposed to initial test heat fluxes in the range of 0 to 100 kW/m2. External ignition, when used, shall be by electric spark. The value of the initial test heat flux and the use of external ignition are to be as specified in the relevant material or performance standard (see X1.2). The normal specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether the end-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation. The apparatus also contains provisions for vertical orientation testing; this is used for exploratory or diagnostic studies only. 1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming. 1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material and product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design purposes, or development and research. Examples of material specimens include portions of an end-use product or the various components used in the end-use product. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish a......

Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

ASTM C1702-13a 利用等温量热传导测量水硬性胶凝材料水合热的标准试验方法

5.1 This method is suitable for determining the total heat of hydration of hydraulic cement at constant temperature at ages up to 7 days to confirm specification compliance. It gives test results equivalent to Test Method C186 up to 7 days of age (Poole (2007) (1)). 5.2 This method compliments Practice C1679 by providing details of calorimeter equipment, calibration, and operation. Practice C1679 emphasizes interpretation significant events in cement hydration by analysis of time dependent patterns of heat flow, but does not provide the level of detail necessary to give precision test results at specific test ages required for specification compliance. 1.1 This test method specifies the apparatus and procedure for determining total heat of hydration of hydraulic cementitious materials at test ages up to 7 days by isothermal conduction calorimetry. 1.2 This test method also outputs data on rate of heat of hydration versus time that is useful for other analytical purposes, as covered in Practice C1679. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Heat of Hydration of Hydraulic Cementitious Materials Using Isothermal Conduction Calorimetry

ASTM E1461-13 采用闪光法测定热扩散率的标准试验方法

5.1 Thermal diffusivity is an important transient thermal property, required for such purposes such as design applications, determination of safe operating temperature, process control, and quality assurance. 5.2 The flash method is used to measure values of thermal diffusivity, α, of a wide range of solid materials. It is particularly advantageous because of simple specimen geometry, small specimen size requirements, rapidity of measurement and ease of handling. 5.3 Under certain strict conditions, specific heat capacity of a homogeneous isotropic opaque solid specimen can be determined when the method is used in a quantitative fashion (see Appendix X2). 5.4 Thermal diffusivity results, together with related values of specific heat capacity (Cp) and density (ρ) values, can be used in many cases to derive thermal conductivity (λ), according to the relationship: 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermal diffusivity of primarily homogeneous isotropic solid materials. Thermal diffusivity values ranging from 0.1 to 1000 (mm)2 s-1 are measurable by this test method from about 75 to 28008201;K. 1.2 Practice E2585 is adjunct to this test method and contains detailed information regarding the use of the flash method. The two documents are complementing each other. 1.3 This test method is a more detailed form of Test Method C714, having applicability to much wider ranges of materials, applications, and temperatures, with improved accuracy of measurements. 1.4 This test method is intended to allow a wide variety of apparatus designs. It is not practical in a test method of this type to establish details of construction and procedures to cover all contingencies that might offer difficulties to a person without pertinent technical knowledge, or to restrict research and development for improvements in the basic technique. 1.5 This test method is applicable to the measurements performed on essentially fully dense (preferably, but low porosity would be acceptable), homogeneous, and isotropic solid materials that are opaque to the applied energy pulse. Experience shows that some deviation from these strict guidelines can be accommodated with care and proper experimental design, substantially broadening the usefulness of the method. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.7 For systems employing lasers as power sources, it is imperative that the safety requirement be fully met. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Thermal Diffusivity by the Flash Method

ASTM C1784-13 利用热流量计装置测量相变材料和产品蓄热性能的标准试验方法

5.1 Materials used in building envelopes to enhance energy efficiency, including PCM products used for thermal insulation, thermal control, and thermal storage, are subjected to transient thermal environments, including transient or cyclic boundary temperature conditions. This test method is intended to enable meaningful PCM product classification, as steady-state thermal conductivity alone is not sufficient to characterize PCMs.Note 3—This test method defines a dynamic test protocol for complex products or composites containing PCMs. Due to the macroscopic structure of these products or composites, conventional measurements using a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) as specified in E793 and E967, which use very small samples, are not representative of the relationship between temperature and enthalpy storage of full-scale PCM products due to the sample size limitation. 5.2 Dynamic measurements of the thermal performance of PCM products shall only be performed by qualified personnel with understanding of heat transfer and error propagation. Familiarity with the configuration of both the apparatus and the product is necessary. 5.3 This test method focuses on testing PCM products used in engineering applications, including in building envelopes to enhance the thermal performance of insulation systems. 5.3.1 Applications of PCM in building envelopes take multiple forms, including: dispersed in, or otherwise combined with, a thermal insulation material; a separate object implemented in the building envelope as boards or membranes containing concentrated PCM that operates in conjunction with a thermal insulation material. Both of these forms enhance the performance of the structure when exposed to dynamic, that is, fluctuating, boundary temperature conditions. 5.3.2 PCMs can be studied in a variety of forms: as the original “pure” PCM; as a composite containing PCM and other embedded materials to enhance thermal performance; as a product containing PCM or composite (such as micro- or macro-encapsulated PCM); or as a system, comprising arrays or assemblies of PCM products. 5.4 This test method describes a method of using a heat flow meter apparatus to determine key properties of PCM products, which are listed below. Engineers, architects, modelers, and others require these properties to accurately predict the in-situ performance of the products (2). 5.5 The objective is generally to conduct a test under temperature conditions that will induce a phase transition (for example, melting or freezing) in the PCM product during the course of the test. 5.6 Determination of thermal storage properties is the objective of this test method, and key properties of interest include the following: 5.6.1 PCM Active Range, that is temperatures over which the phase transitions occur, for both melting and freezing of the PCM product or composites containing PCMs. 5.6.2 Specific heat of the fully melted and fully frozen product, de......

Standard Test Method for Using a Heat Flow Meter Apparatus for Measuring Thermal Storage Properties of Phase Change Materials and Products

ASTM E2041-13e1 采用Borchardt和Daniels法的差示扫描量热仪估算动力参数的标准试验方法

6.1 This test method is useful in research and development. 6.2 The determination of the appropriate model for a chemical reaction or transformation and the values associated with its kinetic parameters may be used in the estimation of reaction performance at temperatures or time conditions not easily tested. This use, however, is not described in this test method. 1.1 This test method describes the determination of the kinetic parameters of activation energy, Arrhenius pre-exponential factor, and reaction order using the Borchardt and Daniels2 treatment of data obtained by differential scanning calorimetry. This test method is applicable to the temperature range from 170 to 870 K (−100 to 600 °C). 1.2 This treatment is applicable only to smooth exothermic reactions with no shoulders, discontinuous changes, or shifts in baseline. It is applicable only to reactions with reaction order n ≤ 2. It is not applicable to acceleratory reactions and, therefore, is not applicable to the determination of kinetic parameters for most thermoset curing reactions or to crystallization reactions. 1.3  The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This test method is similar, but not equivalent to, ISO8201;11357, Part 5, that contains provisions for additional information not supplied by this test method. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Estimating Kinetic Parameters by Differential Scanning Calorimeter Using the Borchardt and Daniels Method

ASTM E1225-13 采用隔绝-比较-轴向热流技术测定固体导热性的标准试验方法

5.1 The comparative method of measurement of thermal conductivity is especially useful for engineering materials including ceramics, polymers, metals and alloys, refractories, carbons, and graphites including combinations and other composite forms of each. 5.2 Proper design of a guarded-longitudinal system is difficult and it is not practical in a method of this type to try to establish details of construction and procedures to cover all contingencies that might offer difficulties to a person without technical knowledge concerning theory of heat flow, temperature measurements, and general testing practices. Standardization of this test method is not intended to restrict in any way the future development by research workers of new or methods or improved procedures. However, new or improved techniques must be thoroughly tested. Requirements for qualifying an apparatus are outlined in Section 10. 1.1 This test method describes a steady state technique for the determination of the thermal conductivity, λ, of homogeneous-opaque solids (see Notes 1 and 2). This test method is applicable to materials with effective thermal conductivities in the range 0.2 lt; λ lt; 200 W/(m·K) over the temperature range between 90 and 1300 K. It can be used outside these ranges with decreased accuracy. Note 1—For purposes of this technique, a system is homogeneous if the apparent thermal conductivity of the specimen, λ A, does not vary with changes of thickness or cross-sectional area by more than ±58201;%. For composites or heterogeneous systems consisting of slabs or plates bonded together, the specimen should be more than 20 units wide and 20 units thick, respectively, where a unit is the thickness of the thickest slab or plate, so that diameter or length changes of one-half unit will affect the apparent λA by less than ±58201;%. For systems that are non-opaque or partially transparent in the infrared, the combined error due to inhomogeneity and photon transmission should be less than ±58201;%. Measurements on highly transparent solids must be accompanied with infrared absorption coefficient information, or the results must be reported as apparent thermal conductivity, λA. 8199;Note 2—This test method may also be used to evaluate the contact thermal conductance/resistance of materials. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Solids Using the Guarded-Comparative-Longitudinal Heat Flow Technique

ASTM C177-13 使用护热板设备测量稳态热通量和热传导特性的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method covers the measurement of heat flux and associated test conditions for flat specimens. The guarded-hot-plate apparatus is generally used to measure steady-state heat flux through materials having a “low” thermal conductivity and commonly denoted as “thermal insulators.” Acceptable measurement accuracy requires a specimen geometry with a large ratio of area to thickness. 5.2 Two specimens are selected with their thickness, areas, and densities as identical as possible, and one specimen is placed on each side of the guarded-hot-plate. The faces of the specimens opposite the guarded-hot-plate and primary guard are placed in contact with the surfaces of the cold surface assemblies. 5.3 Steady-state heat transmission through thermal insulators is not easily measured, even at room temperature. This is due to the fact heat transmission through a specimen occurs by any or all of three separate modes of heat transfer (radiation, conduction, and convection). It is possible that any inhomogeneity or anisotropy in the specimen will require special experimental precautions to measure that flow of heat. In some cases it is possible that hours or even days will be required to achieve the thermal steady-state. No guarding system can be constructed to force the metered heat to pass only through the test area of insulation specimen being measured. It is possible that moisture content within the material will cause transient behavior. It is also possible that and physical or chemical change in the material with time or environmental condition will permanently alter the specimen. 5.4 Application of this test method on different test insulations requires that the designer make choices in the design selection of materials of construction and measurement and control systems. Thus it is possible that there will be different designs for the guarded-hot-plate apparatus when used at ambient versus cryogenic or high temperatures. Test thickness, temperature range, temperature difference range, ambient conditions and other system parameters must also be selected during the design phase. Annex A1 is referenced to the user, which addresses such issues as limitations of the apparatus, thickness measurement considerations and measurement uncertainties, all of which must be considered in the design and operation of the apparatus. 5.5 Apparatus constructed and operated in accordance with this test method should be capable of accurate measurements for its design range of application. Since this test method is applicable to a wide range of specimen characteristics, test conditions, and apparatus design, it is impractical to give an all-inclusive statement of precision and bias for the test method. Analysis of the specific apparatus used is required to specify a precision and bias for the reported results. For this reason, conformance with the test method requires that the user must estimate and report the uncertainty of the results under the reported test conditions. 5.6 Qualification of a new apparatus. When a new or modified design is developed, tests shall be conducted on at least two materials of known thermal stability and having verified or calibrated properties traceable to a national standards laboratory. Tests shall be conducted for at least two sets of temperature conditions that cover the operating range for the apparatus. If the differences between the test results and the national standards laboratory characterization are determined to be significant, then the source of the error shall, if possib......

Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus

ASTM E1354-13 用氧气消耗热量计测定材料和制品热及可见烟释放率的标准试验方法

5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving products of the test material. Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, and smoke production. These properties are determined on small size specimens that are representative of those in the intended end use. 5.2 This test method is applicable to various categories of products and is not limited to representing a single fire scenario. Additional guidance for testing is given in X1.2.3 and X1.11. 5.3 This test method is not applicable to end-use products that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces. Note 1—All dimensions are in millimetres.Note 2—* Indicates a critical dimension.FIG. 1 Overall View of Apparatus Note 1—All dimensions are in millimetres.Note 2—* Indicates a critical dimension.FIG. 2 Cross-Section View Through the Heater FIG. 3 Exploded View, Horizontal Orientation FIG. 4 Exploded View, Vertical Orientation

Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

ASTM E2070-13 采用等温法的差示扫描量热法测定动力系数的标准试验方法

6.1 This test method is useful for research and development, quality assurance, regulatory compliance and specification acceptance purposes. 6.2 The determination of the order of a chemical reaction or transformation at specific temperatures or time conditions is beyond the scope of this test method. 6.3 The activation energy results obtained by this test method may be compared with those obtained from Test Method E698 for nth order and accelerating reactions. Activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and reaction order results by this test method may be compared to those for Test Method E2041 for nth order reactions. 1.1 Test Methods A, B, and C determine kinetic parameters for activation energy, pre-exponential factor and reaction order using differential scanning calorimetry from a series of isothermal experiments over a small ( ≈10 K) temperature range. Test Method A is applicable to low nth order reactions. Test Methods B and C are applicable to accelerating reactions such as thermoset curing or pyrotechnic reactions and crystallization transformations in the temperature range from 300 to 900 K (nominally 30 to 630°C). This test method is applicable only to these types of exothermic reactions when the thermal curves do not exhibit shoulders, double peaks, discontinuities or shifts in baseline. 1.2 Test Methods D and E also determines the activation energy of a set of time-to-event and isothermal temperature data generated by this or other procedures 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This test method is similar but not equivalent to ISO8201;DIS8201;11357, Part 5, and provides more information than the ISO standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.

Standard Test Method for Kinetic Parameters by Differential Scanning Calorimetry Using Isothermal Methods

ASTM C1702-13 利用等温量热传导测量水硬性胶凝材料的水合热的标准试验方法

5.1 This method is suitable for determining the total heat of hydration of hydraulic cement at constant temperature at ages up to 7 days to confirm specification compliance. It gives test results equivalent to Test Method C186 up to 7 days of age (Poole (2007) (1)). 5.2 This method compliments Practice C1679 by providing details of calorimeter equipment, calibration, and operation. Practice C1679 emphasizes interpretation significant events in cement hydration by analysis of time dependent patterns of heat flow, but does not provide the level of detail necessary to give precision test results at specific test ages required for specification compliance. 1.1 This test method specifies the apparatus and procedure for determining total heat of hydration of hydraulic cementitious materials at test ages up to 7 days by isothermal conduction calorimetry. 1.2 This test method also outputs data on rate of heat of hydration versus time that is useful for other analytical purposes, as covered in Practice C1679. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Heat of Hydration of Hydraulic Cementitious Materials Using Isothermal Conduction Calorimetry

ASTM E2890-12 使用基辛格法的差示扫描量热法测定热不稳定材料动力学参数的标准试验方法

6.1 This test method is useful for research and development, quality assurance, regulatory compliance and specification-based acceptance. 6.2 The kinetic parameters determined by this method may be used to calculate thermal hazard figures-of-merit according to Practice E1231. 1.1 This test method describes the determination of the kinetic parameters of Arrhenius activation energy and pre-exponential factor using the Kissinger variable heating rate iso-conversion method (1, 2)2 and activation energy and reaction order by the Farjas method (3) for thermally unstable materials. The test method is applicable to the temperature range from 300 to 900 K (27 to 627??C). 1.2 Both nth order and accelerating reactions are addressed by this method over the range of 0.5 lt; n lt; 4 and 1 lt; p lt; 4 where n is the nth order reaction order and p is the Avrami reaction order (4). Reaction orders n and p are determined by the Farjas method (3). 1.3 This test method uses the same experimental conditions as Test Method E698. The Flynn/Wall/Ozawa data treatment of Test Method E698 may be simultaneously applied to these experimental results. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 There is no ISO equivalent to this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Kinetic Parameters for Thermally Unstable Materials by Differential Scanning Calorimetry Using the Kissinger Method

ASTM E1970-11 热分析数据统计处理标准规程

The standard deviation, or one of its derivatives, such as relative standard deviation or pooled standard deviation, derived from this practice, provides an estimate of precision in a measured value. Such results are ordinarily expressed as the mean value ± the standard deviation, that is, X ± s. If the measured values are, in the statistical sense, “normally” distributed about their mean, then the meaning of the standard deviation is that there is a 67 % chance, that is 2 in 3, that a given value will lie within the range of ± one standard deviation of the mean value. Similarly, there is a 95 % chance, that is 19 in 20, that a given value will lie within the range of ± two standard deviations of the mean. The two standard deviation range is sometimes used as a test for outlying measurements. The calculation of precision in the slope and intercept of a line, derived from experimental data, commonly is required in the determination of kinetic parameters, vapor pressure or enthalpy of vaporization. This practice describes how to obtain these and other statistically derived values associated with measurements by thermal analysis.1.1 This practice details the statistical data treatment used in some thermal analysis methods. 1.2 The method describes the commonly encountered statistical tools of the mean, standard derivation, relative standard deviation, pooled standard deviation, pooled relative standard deviation and the best fit to a straight line, all calculations encountered in thermal analysis methods. 1.3 Some thermal analysis methods derive the analytical value from the slope or intercept of a best fit straight line assigned to three or more sets of data pairs. Such methods may require an estimation of the precision in the determined slope or intercept. The determination of this precision is not a common statistical tool. This practice details the process for obtaining such information about precision. 1.4 There are no ISO methods equivalent to this practice.

Standard Practice for Statistical Treatment of Thermoanalytical Data

ASTM E1354-11b 材料和产品热量及可见烟雾释放率耗氧量热计测定的标准试验方法

This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving products of the test material. Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, and smoke production. These properties are determined on small size specimens that are representative of those in the intended end use. This test method is applicable to various categories of products and is not limited to representing a single fire scenario. Additional guidance for testing is given in X1.2.3 and X1.11.This test method is not applicable to end-use products that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces.

Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

ASTM E1461-11 通过闪光法测定热扩散率的标准试验方法

Thermal diffusivity is an important property, required for such purposes under transient heat flow conditions, such as design applications, determination of safe operating temperature, process control, and quality assurance. The flash method is used to measure values of thermal diffusivity, α, of a wide range of solid materials. It is particularly advantageous because of simple specimen geometry, small specimen size requirements, rapidity of measurement and ease of handling.. Under certain strict conditions, specific heat capacity of a homogeneous isotropic opaque solid specimen can be determined when the method is used in a quantitative fashion (see Appendix X2). Thermal diffusivity results, together with related values of specific heat capacity (Cp) and density (ρ) values, can be used in many cases to derive thermal conductivity (λ), according to the relationship:1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermal diffusivity of primarily homogeneous isotropic solid materials. Thermal diffusivity values ranging from 10-7 to 10-3 m2·s-1 are measurable by this test method from about 75 to 2800 K. 1.2 Practice E2585 is adjunct to this Test Method and contains detailed information regarding the use of the flash method. The two documents are complementing each other. 1.3 This test method is a more detailed form of Test Method C714, having applicability to much wider ranges of materials, applications, and temperatures, with improved accuracy of measurements. 1.4 This test method is intended to allow a wide variety of apparatus designs. It is not practical in a test method of this type to establish details of construction and procedures to cover all contingencies that might offer difficulties to a person without pertinent technical knowledge, or to stop or restrict research and development for improvements in the basic technique. 1.5 This test method is applicable to the measurements performed on essentially fully dense (preferably, but low porosity would be acceptable), homogeneeous, and isotropic solid materials that are opaque to the applied energy pulse. Experience has shown, however, that some deviation from these strict guidelines can be accommodated with care and proper experimental design, substantially broadening the usefulness of the method. 1.6 This test method can be considered an absolute (or primary) method of measurement, since no reference standards are required. It is advisable to use reference materials to verify the performance of the instrument used. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.8 For systems employing lasers as power sources, it is imperative that the safety requirement be fully met. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Thermal Diffusivity by the Flash Method